Recapitalizing Banks with Public Funds

Recapitalizing banks in a systemic crisis is a complex medium-term process that requires significant government intervention and careful management at both the strategic and individual bank levels. This paper examines the range of operational and strategic issues involved and the institutional arrangements needed to foster an effective banking system restructuring, as well as maximize the returns on government investment. Recapitalization approaches have varied in the different mixes of direct capital injections and asset purchases and rehabilitation that countries choose. The choice of an appropriate mix is critical to minimizing the expected present value of government outlays net of recoveries. Copyright 2001, International Monetary Fund

A Methodology for Afterburner Evaluation

A preliminary investigation of the performance of an afterburner module proposed by the Gas Turbine Research Establishment, Bangalore for the Kaveri engine has been carried out. The investigation, which was both theoretical and experimental, evaluated the af-terburner configuration on the basis of flame stability, combustion efficiency and total pressure loss. An evaluation methodology, which was formulated, has been employed to arrive at design modifications for improved performance

Fixation of Bio-Resorbable and Titanium Miniplates in Mandibular Fractures: A Comparative Study

This comparative study of mandibular fractures fixation between titanium and bioresorbable miniplates was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, Sri Ramakrishna Dental College and Hospital, Coimbatore. This study evaluated mandibular fractures under various parameters such as Age, Sex, Etiology, Time elapsed, Anatomic site fractured, fixation of titanium and bioresorbable miniplates and its Complications, Bite force measurement after fixation. 32 patients who had sustained injuries to Mandible over a period of two years were studied. (2009-2011). In our study, mandibular trauma predominantly affected males commonly involving the second and third decades of life pointing out towards the active period of life when they tend to be more energetic and thus involve themselves in high-speed transportation related injuries, which are the leading causes of maxillofacial trauma. Causes of mandibular fractures are constantly changing with changes in life style, industrialization, transportation and legislative measures. There appears to be a shift in the trend of the cause of mandibular trauma from Traffic accidents to violence in most developed countries; on the contrary, our study indicates that Road traffic accidents related injuries to be the primary cause in the patients treated in the unit for mandibular fractures. The issue of time lapse from the moment of injury to the initialization of the treatment could be due to transportation difficulties, socioeconomic conditions and delay due to treatment of associated injuries by various specialties. Mandible, being a mobile bone and having fractures, which are usually of compound types, communicate intraorally, are prone for infections. Majority of cases (66%) referred to our unit were seen within a week following trauma and rest of the patients reported a week later. The reason was that the patients were being treated for their concomitant injuries while a few were unaware of the treatment facilities offered. The most common fracture site involved in the mandible region was the parasymphyseal region (63%) followed by the condylar region (38%) and which were commonly seen with road traffic accidents with the impact occurring at the chin region with forces that were transmitted poster superiorly. Goals in treatment of mandible fractures include restoration of normal function and achievement of normal occlusion with adequate union of fracture segments, maintaining facial symmetry, and an aesthetic balance of the face. The treatment outcome depends on many factors such as type, the location of fractures, single or comminuted fractures, as well as general and local systemic conditions. In our study all the cases were treated as open reduction with titanium and bioresorbable miniplates. Pain, paraesthesia, oedema, occlusion, mouth opening, infection, step deformity and malunion were evaluated during the 1st week, 1st month and after 6 months postoperatively. Oedema and malocclusion were seen more common during the 1st postoperative week in bioresorbable plate fixation than when compared to titanium miniplate fixation. Bite force were evaluated in parasymphysis fractures by using indigenous bite force equipment in anteriors, canines, molars (5 bite point) and no significant change in bite force was noted among bioresorbable, titanium and control group. Complication rate was reduced to 4.1 % in patients with titanium miniplates and 6.3% in those with bioresorbable miniplates during the 6 months follow up period, but the difference was not significant. This comparative study concluded that both titanium and bioresorbable miniplates has both its own advantages and disadvantages. The disadvantages of biodegradable materials include cost, breakage of screws, difficult intraoperative handling, and swelling of the plate during degradation. In case of titanium miniplate fixation there is a potential risk of removing the titanium plates at a later stage resulting in additional cost, time, and a relatively high morbidity. In some places titanium plates are removed routinely, in which case these drawbacks cannot be considered. However the question of long-term titanium toxicity should be borne in mind

Electric Field Analysis of Breast Tumor Cells

An attractive alternative treatment for malignant tumors that are refractive to conventional therapies, such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, is electrical-pulse-mediated drug delivery. Electric field distribution of tissue/tumor is important for effective treatment of tissues. This paper deals with the electric field distribution study of a tissue model using MAXWELL 3D Simulator. Our results indicate that tumor tissue had lower electric field strength compared to normal cells, which makes them susceptible to electrical-pulse-mediated drug delivery. This difference could be due to the altered properties of tumor cells compared to normal cells, and our results corroborate this

Utilization of phosphorus for casein biosynthesis in the mammary gland. II. Incorporation of P<SUP>32</SUP> into free phosphopeptides of milk and of mammary gland

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Fuzzy Computing for Control of Aero Gas Turbine Engines .

Many methods, techniques and procedures available for designing the control system of plants and processes, are applied only after knowing accurately the plant or process to be controlled. However, in some complex situations where plants/processes cannot be accurately modelled, and especially where their control has human interaction, controller design may not be completely satisfactory. In such cases, it has been found that control decisions can be made on the basis of heuristic/linguistic measures or fuzzy algorithms. Fuzzy set principles have been used in controlling various plants/processes ranging from a laboratory steam engine to an autopilot, including an aero gas turbine engine engine for which the response of the engine speed for a fuzzy input of fuel flow has been studied. In this paper, certain stipulations and logic are suggested for the control of the total gas turbine engine. A case study of a single spool aero gas turbine engine with one of its state variables varied by heuristic logic is presented